Central business district

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A central business district (or CBD, also called a central activities district and in North America a "downtown") is the commercial and often geographic heart of a city. In Australia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, China (especially Hong Kong), Ireland, Kenya, New Zealand, Singapore and South Africa, the phrase is commonly used,^{[citation needed]} and is often colloquially abbreviated to "CBD".

Morumbi, the largest central business district in São Paulo.

The CBD is the central district of a city, usually typified by a concentration of retail and commercial buildings.^[1]

The term city centre (or city center) is similar to CBD in that both serve the same purpose for the city, and both are seen by a higher-than-usual urban density as well as the often having the tallest buildings in a city. City centre differs from downtown in that the latter can be geographically located anywhere in a city, while a city centre is generally located near the geographic heart of the city. London, United Kingdom, effectively has three city centres, the City of London, the medieval City of Westminster and Canary Wharf. Lucknow, India has three CBDs. The shape and type of a CBD or downtown almost always closely reflect the city's history. Cities with maximum building height restrictions often have a separate historic section quite apart from the financial and administrative district. In cities that grew up suddenly and more recently, such as those in the western half of North America, a single central area will often contain all the tallest buildings. It has been said that downtowns (as understood in North America) are therefore a separate phenomenon.^[2]

Central business districts usually have very small resident populations. For example, the population of the City of London declined from over 200,000 in 1700 to less than 10,000 today. In some instances, however (and particularly in large Australian cities), CBD populations are increasing as younger professional and business workers move into city centre apartments.

Core frame model showing land use in the CBD

The land use in the central business district may follow the core frame model of urban structure.^[3] It is likely to have many of the following characteristics:^[1]

• Geographical centre of the settlement
• Land use
  • Distinct land use patterns different from the surrounding areas
  • High concentration of public buildings and offices
  • Very tall buildings to maximize land use of expensive real estate
  • Activities concentrated in areas of functional zoning
  • Major retail outlets (less the case for United States and Canada)

• Transport
  • High concentration of traffic
  • Great concentration of pedestrians
  • High use of public transport
  • High employment rate

The old commercial center of Delhi, India the new business hub has been established in prospering suburbs like Gurgaon and Noida

The alternative term city centre is used in Britain and Ireland, and also in some urban areas of British-influenced countries, such as the Commonwealth) and Mainland China (Chinese: 市中心).. In the United Kingdom, Australia, South Africa, Canada and New Zealand, the term is often just shortened to "city", as in "going to the city". This term is also used in the New York City area in the same manner, using the term the city to mean Manhattan. One exception is in London where "the City" specifically refers to the City of London financial district rather than to any other part of central London. In many parts of the world, including the UK, Australia, New Zealand, and Ireland, it is often also referred to as "town" ("going (in)to town", "going up town", or "going down town").

In Germany the terms Innenstadt or Stadtmitte may be used to describe the central business district. Both terms can be literally translated to mean "inner-city" and "city-centre". While most German cities only have one central business district, Berlin has three. Due to Berlin's history of division during the Cold War, the city contains central business districts both in West Kurfürstendamm and East Berlin (Alexanderplatz), as well as a newly built business center near the Potsdamer Platz. The city's historic centre, location of the Reichstag building as well as the Brandenburg gate and most federal ministries was largely abandoned as the Berlin Wall cut through it. Only after the re-unification with the construction of numerous shopping centers, government ministries, embassies, office buildings and entertainment venues, was the area revived.

In France and French-speaking regions, the most common term for a city's center is centre-ville (town center). In many of the largest francophone cities, however, centre-ville refers to an historic district rather than a business district, or it may not be used at all.

In Paris, the main business district is distant from the geographical centre of the city in La Défense, on the western edge of the boundaries of the Paris commune (municipality). Brussels' historic centre is bounded by the inner ring road. However, the financial and administrative district is the Leopold Quarter. Montreal's historic core, Old Montreal, is no longer the financial district, which is now Downtown Montreal.

Some francophone cities use centre-ville to refer to the CBD. In Beirut, for example, although the CBD is officially called Beirut Central District, the Lebanese use the French term centre-ville.‎

In Turkey, the term Çarşı is used to describe the central business district.

An aerial view of the Downtown Chicago high rise area.

Main article: Downtown

In the United States, central business districts are often referred as "downtown" (even if there is no "uptown"). In most cities the downtown area will be home to the financial district, but usually contains entertainment and retail of some kind as well. The downtown areas of many cities, such as Chicago and Houston, are also home to large sports and convention venues. Historic sections of a central business district may be referred to as "old town", while decaying parts of the center city are commonly referred to as the "inner city". The term inner city is sometimes not used literally but rather evocatively, applying a negative connotation and referring paradoxically to peripheral areas blighted during a mass exodus of middle class residents.

Some cities in the United States and Canada, such as Vancouver, Minneapolis, and Dallas, Texas, have mixed use districts known as "uptown" in addition to the primary downtown core areas. In some cities, such as Charlotte, Chicago, and Oklahoma City, "uptown" is instead the historic name for a separate business center or neighborhood. Philadelphia and Wilmington, Delaware use the term center city instead of downtown for their central business districts. Some cities, such as Toronto, regard as many as four business districts as being central. Whereas in Los Angeles, the city core is simply known as downtown LA.

By broad definition, New York City's CBD comprises the whole southern half or third of Manhattan island. Narrow definitions include only a square mile or two (3-5 km²) of Midtown as central, with the lowest tenth of the island, including the Financial District, being a secondary business district rather than the central one. Similar narrow and broad definitions are applied to the Chicago's downtown high rise districts.