Banner promoting Liverpool as European Capital of Culture in 2008
The European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union for a period of one calendar year during which it is given a chance to showcase its cultural life and cultural development. A number of European cities have used the City of Culture year to transform their cultural base and, in doing so, the way in which they are viewed internationally.
- 1985:
Athens
- 1986:
Florence
- 1987:
Amsterdam
- 1988:
West Berlin
- 1989:
Paris
- 1990:
Glasgow
- 1991:
Dublin
- 1992:
Madrid
- 1993:
Antwerp
- 1994:
Lisbon
- 1995:
Luxembourg
- 1996:
Copenhagen
- 1997: Thessaloniki
- 1998:
Stockholm
- 1999:
Weimar
- 2000: Avignon,
Bergen, Bologna, Brussels, 
Helsinki, 
Krakow, 
Prague, 
Reykjavík, Santiago de Compostela
- 2001: Porto, Rotterdam
- 2002: Bruges, Salamanca
- 2003:
Graz
- 2004: Genoa, Lille
- 2005: Cork
- 2006: Patras
- 2007:
Sibiu, Luxembourg and the Greater Region
According to the official EU website[1]. From 2014 to 2019, only the countries have been chosen, based on the rotation system.
- 2009: Linz,
Vilnius
- 2010: Essen (on behalf of the Ruhr Area),
Istanbul, 
Pécs
- 2011: Turku,
Tallinn
- 2012: Guimarães,
Maribor
- 2013: Marseille - Provence,
Košice
- 2014: Sweden,
Latvia
- 2015: Belgium, Czech Republic
- 2016: Spain, Poland
- 2017: Denmark,
Cyprus
- 2018: Netherlands,
Malta
- 2019: Italy,
Bulgaria
- ^ Official EU website
- García, B. (2005) “De-constructing the City of Culture: The long term cultural legacies of Glasgow 1990” in: Review Issue of Urban Studies (vol 42, n5/6) (pp. 1-28)
- García, B. (2004) “Cultural Policy in European Cities: Lessons from Experience, Prospects for the Future” in: Special edition on Cultural Policy and Regeneration, Local Economy (vol 19, n4) (pp. 312-326)
- García, B. (2004) “Urban Regeneration, Arts Programming and Major events: Glasgow 1990, Sydney 2000 and Barcelona 2004” in: Gibson, L. & Stevenson, D. (Eds) Special Issue of the International Journal of Cultural Policy: Urban Space and the Uses of Culture (vol 10, n 1) (pp. 103-118)
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European Capitals of Culture |
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